Parallel Circuit - StickMan Physics

Parallel Circuits

A Parallel circuit includes branches providing multiple paths for current to flow. In the last unit we covered series circuits which only had one path. Look at the pictures below to see the difference.

Parallel Circuit Handout to go along with the problems on this page and the PhET lab at the end.

Practice and Parallel Circuit Virtual Lab Sheet

Because of branching, additional paths for current, when light bulbs are in parallel and one goes out the others remain on.

Parallel Circuit: If one light burns out the others stay on
Series Circuit: When one light burns out the others go out

Parallel Circuit Rules

Circuit Equations

Ohm's Law (V=IR), Voltage equals current times resistance, can be used anywhere in the circuit but only at a single location.

See all the squares in red above, if you are using Ohm's law you can only use information in that location, the V,I, and R within a single square.

The location can be an individual resistor, for example resistor one with the variables Voltage (V₁), Current (I₁), Resistance (R₁). The location can also be at the battery, which is a measure that represents the overall circuits voltage (V_T), current (I_T), and Resistance (R_T).

At the battery the subscript T (ex. V_T) stands for total or of the circuit. Some equations sheets may use emf (ex. V_emf) or another notation, if there is any subscript other than a number it will likely be of the circuit.

When you are using information between different red blocks you must use the parallel circuit rules.

V_T = V₁ = V₂ = V₃ = …

I_T = I₁ + I₂ + I₃ + …

1/R_T = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + 1/R₃ + …

Voltage in a Parallel Circuit

Since electrons are free in a conductor the entire region in light red in the picture share the free electrons equally. The voltage completely drops equally from the entire voltage provided from the positive terminal of the battery across all resistors in parallel to the other side with the negative terminal. because of this:

V_T = V₁ = V₂ = V₃ = …

The entire voltage drops equally an the entire amount through all resistors in parallel. Because the voltage along each branch is equal to that provided to the branch, equal to the power source.

Current in a Parallel Circuit

Current flows like water through a parallel circuit separating down branches and coming back together. The amount of current flowing down each branch depends on that branches resistance. The entire current provided by the battery is equal to the sum of current going down each branch.

I_T = I₁ + I₂ + I₃ + …

Resistance in a Parallel Circuit

Resistance in a parallel circuit is unique. In order to add a resistor in parallel you also have to add another path for current to follow. Because you add another path, you decrease resistance and therefore increase current. The relationship between resistors in parallel can be determined using the following equation:

1/R_T = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + 1/R₃ + …

Adding a resistor and path makes it easier for current to flow. To determine the total resistance the equation above rearranges to:

To find an individual resistor this equation would rearrange to:

The total resistance in parallel will always be less than the lowest resistor.

Basic Steps To A Parallel Circuit Problem

#1 See if you can do Ohm's Law (V=IR) at any location in the circuit.

#2 See if you have voltage anywhere because that voltage will be the same everywhere following the parallel circuit rule below.

V_T = V₁ = V₂ = V₃ = …

#3 Check if you can do any of the other parallel circuit rules.

I_T = I₁ + I₂ + I₃ + …

1/R_T = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + 1/R₃ + …

You will continue to follow these steps over and over until everything in the circuit is complete. Follow our examples below until you feel comfortable to follow the steps solving parallel circuit problems on your own.

Example Problems

1. What is the resistance of a 5Ω and 10Ω resistor in parallel?

2. What is the resistance of a 5Ω, 10Ω, and 15Ω resistor in parallel?

3. Solve for all the components of the parallel circuit using the information given.

You don't have two out of three of the individual components on location to do Ohm's Law (V=IR)

We could start this problem solving for total resistance or potential difference (Voltage). We will start here with voltage.

You do have voltage at the battery and that voltage is dropped equal and in its entirety at all other resistors using the following parallel circuit rule:

V_T = V₁ = V₂

12V = 12V = 12V

Now you have enough information to solve for current at resistor 1 using Ohm's Law (V=IR)

V₁=I₁R₁

R₁=V₁/R₁

I=12V/4Ω=3A

You also have enough information to solve for current at resistor 2 using Ohm's Law (V=IR)

V₂=I₂R₂

R₂=V₂/R₂

I=12V/3Ω=4A

Now you can add up the current before it branched out using the parallel circuit rule.

I_T = I₁ + I₂

I_T = 3A + 4A = 7A

Now you can use Ohm's Law to solve for the resistance at the battery for the entire circuit.

V_T=I_TR_T

R_T=V_T/R_T

R_T=12V/7A= 1.714Ω

You can now do a final check and see if the following parallel series circuit remains.

R_T = ((1/R₁) + (1/R₂))^-1

R_T = ((1/4) + (1/3))^-1= 1.714Ω

You now did the final check and know you have this circuit solved correctly

4. Solve for all the components of the parallel circuit using the information given.

You don't have enough information to do Ohm's Law and you don't have voltage anywhere.

Start by solving for the total resistance.

Now you can do Ohm's Law at the battery for the circuit.

V_T=I_TR_T

V_T=(10)(10) = 100V

Voltage dropped at the battery is the same as the voltage dropped at each resistor following the parallel circuit rule.

V_T = V₁ = V₂ = V₃

V₁ = 100V

V₂= 100V

V₃= 100V

Now you have enough information to do Ohm's Law at all other locations I₁, I₂, and I₃

V = IR

I = V/R

I = 100V/30Ω = 3.33A

Since you solved for these using Ohm's Law (V=IR), you can now do a final check using the parallel circuit rules.

I_T = I₁ + I₂ + I₃

10A = 3.33A + 3.33A + 3.33A

This is a true statement with it being a bit off due to rounding. You know you finished this circuit correctly.

5. Solve for all the components of the parallel circuit using the information given.

You don't have enough information to do Ohm's Law and you don't have voltage anywhere.

Start by solving for the total current.

I_T = I₁ + I₂ + I₃

I_T = 1A + 2A + 1A = 4A

Now you can do Ohm's Law at the battery to find the voltage of the circuit.

V_T=I_TR_T

V_T=(4)(40) = 160V

Now you can use the parallel circuits rule to determine the voltage at all the resistors.

V_T = V₁ = V₂ = V₃

V₁ = 160V

V₂ = 160V

V₃ = 160V

Now we can use Ohm's Law to determine the resistance at each of the resistors.

V₁= I₁R₁

R₁= V₁/I₁

R₁= 160V/1A = 160Ω

V₂= I₂R₂

R₂= V₂/I₂

R₂= 160V/2A = 80Ω

V₃= I₃R₃

R₃= V₃/I₃

R₁= 160V/1A = 160Ω

Now you can do the final check to make sure everything is correct. Since you did Ohm's Law (V=IR) to solve for R₁, R₂, and R₃ you will now use the parallel circuit rule for the final check.

R_T = ((1/R₁) + (1/R₂) + (1/R₃))^-1

R_T = ((1/160) + (1/80) + (1/160))^-1= 40Ω

This matches so now you know you solved for all the components of the parallel circuit correctly.

6. Solve for all the components of the parallel circuit using the information given.